Quantifying Ergonomic Improvement and Releasing Work After Deployment of a Pneumatic Industrial Manipulator

00executive summary

The nature of the task changes after deployment of a Pneumatic Industrial Manipulator, so the same metric cannot be applied mechanically before and after the change. Before deployment, the operator supports the full workpiece weight with both hands while lifting or lowering it; this is fully manual two-handed lifting and is evaluated using the NIOSH Revised Lifting Equation (RNLE), including the Recommended Weight Limit (RWL), single-task Lifting Index (LI), and multi-task Composite Lifting Index (CLI). After deployment, the manipulator supports the workpiece weight and the operator primarily applies starting, braking, pushing, pulling, steering, and positioning forces; the task is push/pull and guidance, for which RNLE does not apply. When the horizontal axis is driven entirely by the operator using both hands and whole-body effort, use a calibrated force gauge, HSE RAPP, and ISO 11228-2. When a motor, cylinder, or other power source drives the horizontal axis, RAPP does not apply; use three-axis hand-force measurement and a task-specific ergonomic assessment. Evaluate posture angles against the internal supplementary gates; assess conformity with ISO 11226 and GB/T 42730 only under each standard’s complete applicability conditions.

This study establishes directly executable project release gates. Before deployment, for every remaining fully manual lifting subtask, FILI and STLI shall each be no greater than 1.00, and the CLI for all subtasks shall be no greater than 1.00. After deployment, manual load-bearing lifts during the normal cycle shall equal 0. At a mixed manual/mechanized workstation, the start/stop force for every valid cycle, corrected for resultant-force measurement uncertainty, shall be no greater than 150 N, and sustained force shall be no greater than 70 N. When RAPP is applicable, all nine official factors shall be green and the total score shall be 0; when RAPP is not applicable, a task-specific assessment shall be completed. Posture, data integrity, and residual FMEA risk shall also pass. If any condition is not met, the result is “not released”; averages, subjective impressions, or percentage improvement cannot substitute for a gate.

The results are as follows. Before deployment, two fully manual two-handed lifting subtasks with different geometries and loads have a combined frequency of 2 lifts/min; 45 min of lifting is followed by 45 min of recovery. The CLI calculated without intermediate rounding is 1.87690861858986, which exceeds 1.000000, so the condition fails. After deployment, the manipulator supports the full load and the horizontal axis has no powered drive. In the fixed 50-cycle input matrix, the maximum corrected start/stop force is 142 N and the maximum corrected sustained force is 61 N; all nine RAPP factors are green/0, and manual lifting is 0 lifts. The condition passes. Report the improvement as “manual load-bearing lifting exposure eliminated by 100%; push/pull project gates passed.” Do not report post-deployment RNLE as LI = 0.

Core conclusion

1. RNLE evaluates only fully manual two-handed lifting; it does not evaluate pushing, pulling, guidance, or positioning after deployment of the manipulator.
2. If any of average mass, maximum mass, H, V, D, A, frequency, duration, recovery time, or coupling classification is missing before deployment, the RNLE calculation is invalid and the workstation shall not be released.
3. after deployment, the maximum resultant force of each cycle plus U_res is used to determine; only reporting the average value does not constitute acceptance evidence.
4. This report uses a lower set of HSE reference values for mixed employment as project hard thresholds: start/stop no more than 150 N, continuous no more than 70 N.
5. RAPP is only used for fully manual movements in the horizontal axis, with both hands, while standing or walking, and with steady force exerted by the whole body; RAPP is not applicable for powered horizontal axis and only upper limb control movements. The RAPP total score itself is not a universal action threshold specified by HSE; this study separately stipulates "nine factors all green, total score 0" as the item release gate for applicable actions.
6. The establishment of improvement must meet both "manual weight-bearing lifting to zero" and "all push-pull, posture, risk, and records passed after deployment." The two types of indicators cannot offset each other.

01Research questions, action boundaries and decision logic

1.1 The two exposures must be modeled separately

Classify the motion from the actual force-sharing condition, not the equipment name. A normal-cycle segment is push/pull or guidance only when all three conditions are met: the manipulator or tooling supports the workpiece weight in a closed load path; the operator does not use the arms to keep the workpiece from falling; and the workpiece remains controlled after hand contact is removed. If any condition is not met, the segment is shared load-bearing or fully manual lifting. An RNLE task may be defined only for a discrete motion in which the device is disengaged and the operator supports the workpiece's full weight with both hands. When the device continues to provide partial support, record RNLE as not applicable and use three-axis hand-force measurement and a task-specific biomechanical assessment.

RAPP applicability is also judged along the horizontal axis. When the horizontal drive output is 0, the operator exerts force with both hands, the body remains standing or walking, and the force acts smoothly in front of the body, RAPP Section A is used; when the horizontal drive output is not 0, the operator is sitting, operating with one hand, only controlling the upper limbs, or the action relies on external body support, the RAPP status is recorded as "not applicable", and 0 points may not be used in place of special evaluation.

1.2 release is a series system

release results are calculated by logical AND:

If any sub-gate is false, Release = not passed. Percent improvement, operator satisfaction, tempo improvement, and single cycle performance do not cover failures.

02Standards chain, version status and adoption rules

The official name of GB/T 31054-2014 is "Terminology for Computer-Aided Engineering of Mechanical Products - Finite Element Numerical Calculation" and is not an ergonomics or manual handling standard. After verification in this study, this document was explicitly excluded and GB/T 31002.1-2014 was used instead. Similar reference numbers do not constitute a basis for standard selection.

The adoption rules are fixed as follows: international and national standards define method boundaries and assessment frameworks; CDC/NIOSH provides RNLE calculations; HSE provides push/pull reference forces and RAPP classifications; and this report converts these frameworks into stricter, auditable project release gates. The 150 N and 70 N values, all-green/0 score, 50 cycles, 100 Hz sampling rate, resultant-force uncertainty, posture angles, FMEA threshold, change-triggered reassessment, and annual cycle in this report are acceptance conditions specified by this study. This report does not interpret NIOSH, HSE, ISO, or GB/T documents as statutory occupational-exposure limits in China. HSE expressly states that values such as 150 N and 70 N are guidance values, not weight limits or approved safety limits.

03Manual lifting baseline before deployment: RNLE

3.1 Required input

Each lifting subtask must record geometry at the start and end points, including at least:

If any fields are missing, the gauge has no valid calibration, the start and end points are not separated, or only a single posture is recorded, the RNLE record of this task will be deemed invalid and a passing conclusion cannot be issued.

The input domain is also a hard gate. H shall be no greater than 63 cm; V shall be within 0–175 cm; D shall be no greater than 175 cm; and A shall be within 0–135°. Frequency shall lie within the official FM table for the selected V and duration category. Do not extrapolate a multiplier beyond any limit; record RNLE as not applicable, and do not release the motion through RNLE. Retain the raw mass record for every item and calculate L_avg and L_max directly from those records. Geometry uses the greatest exposure in valid cycles; nominal design dimensions do not replace measurement. If the destination involves regrasping, a brief hold, precision placement, or hand guidance, retain a complete calculation chain for origin and destination and use min(RWL_origin, RWL_destination). If all four are absent, record “destination calculation not required” with the supporting determination.

3.2 RWL and LI

When using centimeters and kilograms:

Obtain FM from the official NIOSH frequency table by V, frequency, duration, and recovery condition. Obtain CM from the official coupling table. Do not interpolate linearly or assign either multiplier by experience. When a destination calculation is required, calculate RWL at the origin and destination separately and use the smaller RWL, which produces the larger LI. Acceptance always uses unrounded results; two decimal places are for display only. Any unrounded project-gate metric greater than 1.000000 fails; exactly 1.000000 is permitted.

RNLE has explicit application limits: two hands fully support a controllable load while standing in the specified industrial environment. Do not apply the equation directly to one-handed lifting, seated or kneeling work, team handling, static holding, shared load-bearing between a person and equipment, carrying while walking, pushing/pulling, shoveling, vertical motion faster than 76 cm/s, a shoe–floor static coefficient of friction below 0.4, or an unstable load. Evaluate horizontal carrying distance, frequency, and cumulative mass separately under ISO 11228-1/GB/T 31002.1. Outside the limits, do not report an approximate LI; record RNLE as not applicable and perform a task-specific assessment.

04Multitasking CLI and input integrity

Whenever there are more than two loads, frequencies, geometries, grips or target heights for the same job, the subtasks must be split and the CLI must be calculated. Each subtask records L_avg and L_max respectively; first set FM to 1 to get the frequency-independent recommended weight FIRWL, and then use L_max to get FILI; get STRWL according to the frequency of each subtask, and then use L_avg to get STLI. Subtasks are sorted from high to low by unrounded STLI; when STLI is the same, the one with the greater frequency value is ranked first.

FM_(1...i) is the frequency multiplier corresponding to the cumulative frequency of the first i subtasks, and takes the value from the official table according to the V category, job duration and recovery conditions of the added subtask. "Average of LI across tasks" or "maximum LI" may not be used in place of CLI. The passing conditions also include: each subtask has unrounded FILI≤1.000000, STLI≤1.000000, and the entire group has unrounded CLI≤1.000000. If the shift exceeds the duration covered by the RNLE table, the frequency exceeds the range of the table, or the cumulative frequency does not correspond to FM, the conclusion is directly "not passed RNLE release", and the blank FM cannot be regarded as 1.

Data-integrity review uses a four-eyes check: the recorder completes the raw measurements, the calculator completes equations and table lookups, and an independent reviewer checks task decomposition and units. The record is valid only when the names, dates, and version numbers of all three are present. Lock formula cells in the electronic workbook and retain inputs, table sources, and results; screenshots alone are insufficient.

05Post-deployment motion breakdown and force-measurement method

5.1 Action segmentation

After deployment, divide a cycle into six fixed phases: approach the handle, start, steady-speed guidance, steering/height adjustment, stop/fine positioning, and disengagement. Evaluate peak force during start and stop; sustained force during steady-speed guidance, steering, and height adjustment; and posture plus absence of unintended manual load support during approach and disengagement. Between tooling clamp and workpiece release, cumulative manual-support time shall be 0 s and the number of manual load-bearing lifts shall be 0.

5.2 Instrumentation and calculations

Use a three-axis force gauge with a single-axis range of at least ±500 N, a resolution of no greater than 1 N, a sampling frequency of no less than 100 Hz, and a valid calibration period of no more than 12 months. The coordinates are fixed as: Fx along the movement direction, Fy for the horizontal and transverse direction, and Fz for the vertical direction. The sensor is installed between the actual handle and the force path of the hand and must not change the handle height, grip distance or movement resistance. Clear before and after each group of tests; when the absolute value of the zero point difference of any axis is greater than 2 N, the data of this group will be invalidated and the entire group will be retested.

The resultant expanded uncertainty is defined as U_res and the single-axis expanded uncertainty in the calibration certificate is not added directly. Divide the expanded uncertainty of each axis k=2 by 2 to obtain the standard uncertainties u_x, u_y, u_z, and add the standard uncertainties of the zero point, installation angle and repeatability:

U_res takes the calculated maximum value within each determination window and must not be greater than 5 N. If Fres=0, the directional derivative term is set to 0, and only the zero point, installation angle and repeatability terms are retained. If the guidance window is shorter than 1.0 s, Fsus,c takes the average of all sampling points in the window and adds U_res,sus. The start window starts from when Fres exceeds 10 N for the first time until the speed remains within ±5% of the set speed for 0.5 s continuously; the stop window is from 1.0 s before reaching the target until the speed is 0 for 0.5 s continuously. Video, motion signals and force measurement signals must be synchronized within 0.1 s. The reported value is always "indication value + U_res", and uncertainty must not be added after the threshold value is judged.

The HSE guideline requires that the minimum push-pull force required to start the load is compared with the guideline value; this study instead uses the actual maximum three-axis resultant force in normal operation and adds U_res, which is a more stringent internal exposure door and is not equivalent to the HSE original measurement method. 150 N and 70 N are only used as numerical gates for this study and are not legal limits.

5.3 Test coverage

For each design boundary condition, use 5 qualified operators from the actual job, each completing 10 consecutive full cycles, for 50 valid cycles total. The sample shall include the shortest and tallest individuals on the job roster; record the heights of all 5 operators in whole centimeters. If women work in the job, at least 2 of the 5 operators shall be women. Boundary conditions shall cover at least maximum rated workpiece mass, maximum working radius, minimum and maximum permitted handle heights, both travel directions, and the lowest permitted air-supply pressure or power state. Complete 50 cycles independently for each boundary condition; do not combine conditions.

The hard passing condition is that every valid loop satisfies:

The values of 150 N and 70 N are taken from HSE guidance values for women and serve as thresholds for mixed employment projects. If any valid cycle exceeds the limit, the judgment will be failed, and the judgment cannot be changed by averaging, P95 or deleting the person who exceeded the limit. The upper limit of the one-sided 95% binomial distribution failure rate corresponding to 50/50 zero failure is 1−0.05^(1/50)=5.82%.

06RAPP, route and static posture evaluation

First determine whether RAPP applies. Use RAPP Section A when the horizontal axis has no powered output and the operator, standing or walking and using both hands and whole-body effort, moves overhead-rail or wheeled equipment smoothly. If the horizontal axis has powered output, the motion is performed only by the upper limbs, operation is one-handed or seated, or the person relies on external body support, record RAPP as not applicable and use three-axis hand-force measurement plus a task-specific ergonomic assessment. The work shall not be released until that assessment is complete; a RAPP score of 0 cannot substitute for it.

For applicable actions, HSE RAPP uses color to indicate risk: green is low risk, amber is medium risk, red is high or very high risk, and purple is unacceptable. The HSE also explains that the overall score is used for comparison and prioritization purposes and is not a universal action threshold. In order to avoid total score offset, this study stipulates that the nine factors A-1 to A-9 must be green and scored 0 points, and the total score must be 0; any amber, red or purple factors will be judged as failed.

Forward flexion 20°, rotation 10°, wrist flexion/extension 15°, and radial/ulnar deviation 10° are internal supplementary gates in this study. Evaluate force-phase angles against these gates; assess conformity with ISO 11226 and GB/T 42730 only under each standard's complete applicability conditions. Use the maximum absolute angle over the full cycle, not a cycle-average angle. Equipment rated capacity is a separate hard gate: maximum workpiece mass shall not exceed the lowest rating among the equipment, end-effector tooling, lifting points, and connectors. When RAPP applies, exceeding an equipment rating is purple/unacceptable and requires an immediate stop.

07Test design, data quality and traceability records

The release package must contain the following original materials. If one is missing, the data gate will fail:

1. Measured mass of every workpiece, L_avg, L_max, center-of-mass range, gripping points, workstation cycle time, and shift duration;
2. Original table of H, V, D, A, F, duration, recovery time, destination control determination and grip level for each subtask before import;
3. Rated capacities and allowable pressure/voltage ranges of the manipulator, tooling, lifting points and connections;
4. Dynamometer serial number, calibration certificate, u_x/u_y/u_z, u_zero, u_align, u_repeat, U_res, sampling rate, installation photos and zeroing records;
5. Operator anonymous number, height range, job qualifications and test conditions;
6. The original three-axis timing, segment markers, unrounded Fstart,c, unrounded Fsus,c for each cycle must not only save the summary value;
7. Full cycle synchronized video, RAPP applicability determination, A-1 to A-9 factor table when applicable, special evaluation records, posture angle records and route photos;
8. RNLE calculation sheets, FMEA, deviation records, review signatures, software/form versions and final judgment.

Invalid cycles are only allowed to be eliminated due to instrument disconnection, synchronization failure, or clear non-process external interruptions. The reasons must be recorded at the test site; they cannot be eliminated because the force value is too large, the movement is not smooth, or the operator's posture is poor. After elimination, it must be reworked until 50 valid cycles are obtained for each boundary condition. Preserve all invalid original files and reasons to prevent selective reporting.

Fix equipment warm-up and test conditions: complete startup checks as specified by the manufacturer; record air pressure, voltage, lubrication, braking, and load state; use the maximum workpiece mass in the design envelope; and do not increase assistance settings before formal testing. Record parameter values, software version, balance setting, and speed setting in the configuration baseline. Export them again after the test for comparison; any difference invalidates the test set.

08Manual lifting calculations before importing

The fixed inputs for this chapter define two fully manual two-handed lifting subtasks that differ in load, H, V, D, A, and coupling classification. Each occurs at 1 lift/min, for a total of 2 lifts/min. After 45 min of continuous lifting, provide 45 min of seated monitoring work; recovery time/work time = 1.0. No new lifting period begins afterward, so use short-duration FM. For both subtasks, regrasping, holding, precision placement, and hand guidance at the destination are all absent, so calculate only at the origin.

8.1 Multipliers and single-task results

The above multipliers are calculated exactly as entered, and the calculation chain is back-calculated without using the displayed digits; the threshold determinations for FIRWL, FILI, STRWL, STLI, and CLI use the complete values in the spreadsheet. In unrounded STLI order, subtask A is ranked first and subtask B is ranked second. A's FILI and STLI both exceed 1.000000, and the single-task project gate has failed; B's FILI and STLI have both passed.

8.2 Composite task CLI

After adding subtask B, the cumulative frequency is 2 times/min. The CLI incremental item must be looked up in the table according to the V category of the added subtask B: when short-term and V≥75 cm, the previous cumulative frequency ΣF_A=1 times/min corresponds to FM_B(ΣF_A)=0.94. After adding B, Σ(F_A+F_B)=2 times/min corresponds to FM_B[Σ(F_A+F_B)]=0.91:

Pre-deployment deterministic conclusion: the CLI calculated without intermediate rounding is 1.87690861858986, and both FILI and STLI for subtask A exceed their limits; this calculation condition fails the manual-lifting release criteria. It is incorrect to declare the task safe because “18 kg is below 23 kg,” because 23 kg is only the load constant. The geometry, asymmetry, frequency, and coupling of subtask A reduce STRWL to 9.76811733625 kg.

09Post-import push-pull and guided calculations

Workpiece mass remains 18 kg. Throughout the normal cycle, the manipulator and tooling independently support the workpiece weight; manual support time is 0 s and manual load-bearing lifting frequency is 0 lifts/min. The equipment supports the vertical axis, and horizontal-axis drive output is fixed at 0. The operator stands or walks, keeps both hands on the handle, and uses whole-body effort for starting, 2 m of horizontal guidance, steering, stopping, and positioning. This motion therefore meets the RAPP Section A applicability conditions in this report; RNLE is not calculated.

This chapter uses the maximum value of 10 cycles for each person as the calculation input; the U_res of each result is 3 N, and the correction value is equal to the maximum input value plus 3 N.

The corrected maximum values in 50 cycles are 142 N and 61 N:

The RAPP calculation uses Section A's nine official factors. The moving part of the large overhead track and end-effector tooling total 22 kg. After adding 18 kg workpiece, the estimated moving mass is 40 kg; the allowed moving mass of the equipment is 60 kg.

Post-deployment conclusion: under the fixed calculation inputs and 50-cycle summary data in this chapter, all project gates pass and the operating condition is released. Zero failures in 50/50 cycles is a deterministic project-sample acceptance result; interpret the population failure rate using the statistical upper bound in Section 5.3. The correct improvement statement is: “manual load-bearing lifting frequency decreased from 2 lifts/min to 0 lifts/min, a 100% elimination; the post-deployment push/pull-force and RAPP project gates passed.” Incorrect statements include “CLI decreased from 1.87690861858986 to 0” and “LI improved by 100%,” because RNLE is not applicable after deployment; it is not zero.

10Quantified improvement, release criteria, and conclusion template

10.1 Quantitative indicators

Improvement reports must be presented side by side without combining different dimensions into a single score:

When there are still discrete complete manual lifts after import, the FILI, STLI, and CLI must be recalculated for the task, and the residual lifting frequency is reported; at this time, the elimination rate of manual lifts is less than 100%, and "complete elimination" cannot be written. RNLE is not calculated when the person and equipment share the load, and three-axis hand strength and special biomechanical evaluation are used instead. A force margin less than 0 means failure. A positive margin only indicates passing the threshold and is not equivalent to the product's rated capacity or safety factor.

10.2 One vote to veto the release table

Standard conclusions can only use the following two sentence patterns:

• Passed: "Within the listed design boundaries, G1 ~ G9 are all satisfied, working condition release; if it exceeds the boundary, it must be re-evaluated."
• Failure: "G [number] is not satisfied, and the working conditions are not release; you can reapply for release only after completing the correction and retesting according to the complete plan."

There are only two official judgment states: "pass" and "fail", and the third state is not allowed to be output.

11Risk Analysis and FMEA

This study uses levels 1 to 5 of severity S, occurrence degree O, and detection degree D, and RPN=S×O×D. The project gate stipulates that the residual RPN must be less than 20; even if the RPN of a failure with severity S=5 is less than 20, it must have two independent controls, one for prevention and one for detection or isolation. The scoring definition is fixed as follows:

O or D are only allowed to be reduced if control structures, test records and review signatures are present; in the absence of evidence of any of these, the initial score is used. The table below calculates the initial risk, controls, and residual risk for an FMEA based on fixed inputs.

E1~E7 are O/D reduction conditions. If the corresponding records are complete and reviewed, the residual score in the table will be used; otherwise, the initial score will be used. FMEA, force measurement, and RNLE together constitute the release evidence. When any failure mode control changes, recalculate the residual risk and execute G1 to G9 completely; do not modify only the RPN number.

12Change control, periodic review and work documentation

If any of the following trigger conditions occurs, the original release will immediately become invalid and G1~G9 will be completely redone:

1. The mass of workpiece exceeds the maximum value of release, or the center of mass exceeds the three-dimensional envelope of release;
2. The working radius, handle height, moving distance, speed or acceleration exceeds the minimum-maximum range frozen in the test;
3. Cycle frequency, continuous operation duration, recovery time or shift structure exceeds RNLE/RAPP release input;
4. Changes to the manipulator, tooling, lifting points, handles, brakes, tracks, hoses, cables, air pressure, voltage, speed or control recipe;
5. New slopes, steps, turns, slip hazards, or obstacles introduced along the route;
6. An uncontrolled fall, collision, clamping failure, starting force exceeding the limit, sustaining force exceeding the limit, or ergonomic injury occurs;
7. Dynamometer calibration fails, raw data is lost, or calculation formula/task splitting errors are discovered.

There are no re-evaluation exemption percentages or dimensional tolerances. Any value that exceeds the freeze boundary by even 1 minimum recording unit immediately cancels the release; 5%, 50 mm, 100 mm or 10% shall not be used as an exemption outside the release boundary.

Even if there are no changes, equipment, tooling, brakes, tracks and routes inspection must be completed before the shift; 50 cycles of the boundary conditions that produce the maximum Fstart,c or Fsus,c in the frozen matrix must be retested annually, and RAPP, posture records and FMEA must be updated. The annual cycle is calculated from the official release signing date. If the retest is not completed for more than 12 months, the workstation status will automatically change to "Not release".

The on-site standard work instruction shall state maximum workpiece mass, permitted working radius, handle-height range, permitted pressure/voltage, speed recipe, normal motion sequence, prohibition of manual lifting, abnormal-stop procedure, and pre-shift inspection items. A training record proves only that training occurred; it does not establish competence. An operator becomes qualified for the job only after completing 10 consecutive cycles under controlled conditions with every force and posture gate satisfied.

13Research conclusion

The ergonomic value of a Pneumatic Industrial Manipulator cannot be demonstrated solely by showing that the manipulator lifts the load. An effective quantitative path is to establish the pre-deployment RWL, FILI, STLI, and CLI baseline for fully manual two-handed lifting using RNLE, then confirm whether post-deployment manual load-bearing has fallen to zero. Shared load-bearing is evaluated using three-axis hand force and a task-specific biomechanical assessment. For fully assisted push/pull, measure start/stop peak force and sustained force in every cycle and select RAPP or a task-specific assessment according to the horizontal-axis powered state. Finally, place the internal posture gates, rated capacity, data integrity, and FMEA in series for release.

This report expresses method boundaries and acceptance as hard gates: unrounded RNLE FILI, STLI, and CLI are each ≤1.000000; post-deployment manual load-bearing lifting is 0 lifts/min; corrected resultant start/stop force including U_res is ≤150 N in every cycle; corrected sustained resultant force including U_res is ≤70 N; when RAPP applies, all nine factors are green and the total is 0, and when it does not apply, the task-specific assessment passes; internal posture gates require forward flexion ≤20°, rotation ≤10°, wrist flexion/extension ≤15°, and radial/ulnar deviation ≤10°; residual RPN is <20; and the evidence package is complete. Failure of any item means not released.

The deterministic results are: before deployment, subtask A has FILI=1.73216592487162 and STLI=1.84272970731024, while the two-task CLI=1.87690861858986; the condition fails. After deployment, manual lifting is eliminated by 100%, maximum corrected start/stop force is 142 N, maximum corrected sustained force is 61 N, and all nine RAPP factors are green with a total score of 0; all gates pass. These results apply only to the operating conditions and calculation inputs listed in this report. Interpret the population failure rate using the one-sided 95% upper bound in Section 5.3. The formal conclusion reports only pass or fail.

References

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